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All conclusions of studies will be listed in this original post (TABLE OF SUMMARIES) for quick reference.


This thread goes out to our dear friend CoolColJ:

Post anything related to Sleep, Biological Rhythms, or Stress and its effect on performance.




1A. Elevations in core and muscle temperature impairs repeated sprint performance

Conclusion: Although an elevated muscle temperature is expected to promote sprint performance, power output during the repeated sprints was reduced by hyperthermia. The impaired performance does not seem to relate to the accumulation of recognized metabolic fatigue agents and we, therefore, suggest that it may relate to the influence of high core temperature on the function of the central nervous system.

1. Electro-mechanical response times and muscle strength after sleep deprivation.

The results suggest that subjects who have undergone 60 h of SD can react as fast, and with as much force, as those who have had 7 h of sleep per night.

2. Physical performance and physiological responses following 60 hours of sleep deprivation.

These results suggest that sleep loss of up to 60 h will not impair the capability for physical work, a finding of considerable importance in sustained military operations which frequently involve the combination of both physical and mental tasks.

3. The effect of partial sleep deprivation on weight-lifting performance

Results indicate that submaximal lifting tasks are more affected by sleep loss than are maximal efforts, particularly for the first two nights of successive sleep restriction.

4. Effects of caffeine, sleep loss, and stress on cognitive performance and mood during U.S. Navy SEAL training

Sleep deprivation and environmental stress adversely affected performance and mood. Caffeine, in a dose-dependent manner, mitigated many adverse effects of exposure to multiple stressors. Caffeine (200 and 300 mg) significantly improved visual vigilance, choice reaction time, repeated acquisition, self-reported fatigue and sleepiness with the greatest effects on tests of vigilance, reaction time, and alertness. Marksmanship, a task that requires fine motor coordination and steadiness, was not affected by caffeine. The greatest effects of caffeine were present 1 h post-administration, but significant effects persisted for 8 h.

5. Caffeine effects on marksmanship during high-stress military training with 72 hour sleep deprivation.

Sighting time was significantly faster in sleep deprived individuals after taking 200 or 300 mg of caffeine compared with placebo or 100 mg of caffeine. No differences in accuracy measures between caffeine treatment groups were evident at any test period. CONCLUSION: During periods of sleep deprivation combined with other stressors, the use of 200 or 300 mg of caffeine enabled SEAL trainees to sight the target and pull the trigger faster without compromising shooting accuracy.

6. Sleep-dependent learning: a nap is as good as a night

Thus, from the perspective of behavioral improvement, a nap is as good as a night of sleep for learning on this perceptual task.

7. The effects of two alternative timings of a one-hour nap on early morning performance.

It was concluded that a one-hour nap could counteract the late night performance decrement.

8. Effects of Exercise, Bedrest and Napping on Performance Decrement During 40 Hours

... and naps reduce or remove this impairment. Bedrest is not a substitute for sleep.

9. Impact of Ramadan on physical performance in professional soccer players

Performance declined significantly (p<0.05) for speed, agility, dribbling speed and endurance, and most stayed low after the conclusion of Ramadan. Nearly 70% of the players thought that their training and performance were adversely affected during the fast.

10. Physical performance responses during 72 h of military operational stress.

Results: Fat-free mass (-2.3%) and fat mass (-7.3%) declined (P <= 0.05) during SUSOPS. Squat-jump mean power (-9%) and total work (-15%) declined (P <= 0.05) during SUSOPS. Bench-press power output, grenade throw, and marksmanship for pop-up targets were not affected. Obstacle course and box-lift performances were lower (P <= 0.05) on D3 but showed some recovery on D4. Wall building was ~25% lower (P <= 0.05) during SUSOPS.

11. Circadian variation in sports performance.
Atkinson G, Reilly T.

Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Human Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, England.

Chronobiology is the science concerned with investigations of time-dependent changes in physiological variables. Circadian rhythms refer to variations that recur every 24 hours. Many physiological circadian rhythms at rest are endogenously controlled, and persist when an individual is isolated from environmental fluctuations. Unlike physiological variables, human performance cannot be monitored continuously in order to describe circadian rhythmicity. Experimental studies of the effect of circadian rhythms on performance need to be carefully designed in order to control for serial fatigue effects and to minimise disturbances in sleep. The detection of rhythmicity in performance variables is also highly influenced by the degree of test-retest repeatability of the measuring equipment. The majority of components of sports performance, e.g. flexibility, muscle strength, short term high power output, vary with time of day in a sinusoidal manner and peak in the early evening close to the daily maximum in body temperature. Psychological tests of short term memory, heart rate-based tests of physical fitness, and prolonged submaximal exercise performance carried out in hot conditions show peak times in the morning. Heart rate-based tests of work capacity appear to peak in the morning because the heart rate responses to exercise are minimal at this time of day. Post-lunch declines are evident with performance variables such as muscle strength, especially if measured frequently enough and sequentially within a 24-hour period to cause fatigue in individuals. More research work is needed to ascertain whether performance in tasks demanding fine motor control varies with time of day. Metabolic and respiratory rhythms are flattened when exercise becomes strenuous whilst the body temperature rhythm persists during maximal exercise. Higher work-rates are selected spontaneously in the early evening. At present, it is not known whether time of day influences the responses of a set training regimen (one in which the training stimulus does not vary with time of day) for endurance, strength, or the learning of motor skills. The normal circadian rhythms can be desynchronised following a flight across several time zones or a transfer to nocturnal work shifts. Although athletes show all the symptoms of 'jet lag' (increased fatigue, disturbed sleep and circadian rhythms), more research work is needed to identify the effects of transmeridian travel on the actual performances of elite sports competitors. Such investigations would need to be chronobiological, i.e. monitor performance at several times on several post-flight days, and take into account direction of travel, time of day of competition and the various performance components involved in a particular sport. Shiftwork interferes with participation in competitive sport, although there may be greater opportunities for shiftworkers to train in the hours of daylight for individual sports such as cycling and swimming. Studies should be conducted to ascertain whether shiftwork-mediated rhythm disturbances affect sports performance. Individual differences in performance rhythms are small but significant. Circadian rhythms are larger in amplitude in physically fit individuals than sedentary individuals. Athletes over 50 years of age tend to be higher in 'morningness', habitually scheduling relatively more training in the morning and selecting relatively higher work-rates during exercise compared with young athletes. These differences should be recognised by practitioners concerned with organising the habitual regimens of athletes.

12.

The results indicated that oral temperature, P (peak), P (mean) and P (max) varied concomitantly during the day. These results suggest that there was a circadian rhythm in anaerobic performance during cycle tests. The recording of oral temperature allows one to estimate the time of occurrence of maximal and minimal values in the circadian rhythm of anaerobic performance.

13. Sports, Sleep, and Circadian Rhythms : Circadian Rhythms and Enhanced Athletic Performance in the National Football League

Circadian rhythms produce daily changes in critical elements of athletic performance. We explored the significance of performing at different circadian times in the national football league (NFL) over the last 25 seasons. West coast (WC) nfl teams should have a circadian advantage over east coast (EC) teams during monday night football (MNF) games because WC teams are essentially playing closer to the proposed peak athletic performance time of day. Retrospectice data analysis was applied to all games involving WC versus EC teams playing on MNF with start times of 9:00 pm Eastern Standard Time (EST) from 1970-1994 seasons. Logistic regression analysis of win-loss records relative to point spreads and home-field advantage were examined. West Coast Teams win more often (p < 0.01) and by more points per game than EC teams. West Coast teams are performing significantly (p < 0.01) better than is predicted by the Las Vegas odds (the point spread). This apparent advantage enhances home-field advantage for WC teams and essentially eliminates the beneficial effects of home-field advantage for EC teams during MNF games. These results support the presence of an enhancement of athletic performance at certain circadian times of the day.

14. Diurnal Rhythm of the Muscular Performance of Elbow Flexors During Isometric Contractions

We also assessed variations in the level of maximal activity of the muscle under maximal voluntary contraction. Neuromuscular efficiency fluctuated during the day, with maximal and minimal efficiency at 18:00 h and 9:00 h, respectively, whereas activation level was maximal at 18:00 h and minimal at 9:00 h. The diurnal rhythm of torque was accounted for by variations in both central nervous system command and the contractile state of the muscle.

15. Circadian performance differences between morning and evening 'types'

significant differences were apparent with the number of items correctly rejected. M (MORNING) types' correct rejection levels were significantly better than E (EVENING) types' in the morning, whereas they were worse during the evening. Whilst E types showed a steady improvement throughout the day, M types showed a general decline. A post-lunch dip in performance was quite evident for M types, but not for E types. In addition, the circadian trends in correct rejection levels and body temperature were highly positively correlated for E types, but a significant negative relationship between these parameters was found for M types. These findings are discussed.

16. CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS IN HUMAN MUSCULAR EFFICIENCY: CONTINUOUS PHYSICAL EXERCISE VERSUS CONTINUOUS REST. A CROSSOVER STUDY

Despite the standardized conditions, the results showed that isometric maximal strength varied with time of day during both a submaximal exercise and at rest without prior exercise. The sine waves representing these two rhythms were correlated significantly. Although at rest the diurnal rhythm followed muscular activity (i.e., neurophysiological factors), during exercise, this rhythm was thought to stem more from fluctuations in the contractile state of muscle. (Chronobiology International, 17(5), 693-704, 2000)

17. Circadian rhythms have no effect on cycling performance

18. Time-of-day dependence of isokinetic leg strength and associated interday variability.

This finding appears to be consistent with current knowledge about time-of-day effects on the assessment of muscular strength. Thus for stable and maximal values to be obtained during isokinetic leg testing, the use of multiple-trial protocols is recommended, with testing occurring as close to 18.00-19.30 hours as possible. In addition, the observed significant time-of-day effect suggests that appropriate comparison of maximal isokinetic leg strength can only be achieved based on data obtained within 30 min of the same time of day.

19. Effects of dehydration on isometric muscular strength and endurance.

These results provide evidence that isometric strength and endurance are unaffected 3.5 h after dehydration of approximately 4% body mass.

20. Sleep deprivation induced anxiety and anaerobic performance

Neither anaerobic pa-
rameters nor state anxiety levels were affected by one night
partial sleep deprivation. Our results suggest that 30 hours con-
tinuous wakefulness may increase anxiety level without impair-
ing anaerobic performance, whereas one night of partial sleep
deprivation was ineffective on both state anxiety and anaerobic
performance.

21. The role of a short post-lunch nap in improving cognitive, motor, and sprint performance in participants with partial sleep deprivation

These results indicate that a post-lunch nap improves alertness and aspects of mental and physical performance following partial sleep loss, and have implications for athletes with restricted sleep during training or before competition.

22. Effects of One Night of Partial Sleep Deprivation upon Diurnal Rhythms of Accuracy and Consistency in Throwing Darts

Increasing time awake was associated with decreased alertness and increased fatigue, as well as slight negative effects upon performance. We conclude that the simple task of throwing darts at a target provides information about chronobiological changes in circumstances where time awake and sleep loss might affect psychomotor performance.

23. Effects of a selective sleep deprivation on subsequent anaerobic performance

The peak power, the mean power output and the peak velocity recorded after partial sleep deprivation were not modified in comparison with the values obtained after the reference night. These findings suggest that acute sleep loss did not contribute to alterations in supramaximal exercise.

24. Effects of one night's sleep deprivation on anaerobic performance the following day

Up to 24 h of waking, anaerobic power variables were not affected; however, they were impaired after 36 h without sleep. Analysis of variance revealed that blood lactate concentrations were unaffected by sleep loss, by time of day of testing or by the interaction of the two. In conclusion, sleep deprivation reduced the difference between morning and afternoon in anaerobic power variables. Anaerobic performances were unaffected after 24 h of wakefulness but were impaired after 36 h without sleep.

25. Sleep deprivation and exercise

Concerning anaerobic power and strength, significant alterations have not been found; however, for prolonged events there may be an interaction between these two factors, which suggests a protection mechanism. Nevertheless, it is important to consider that one of the main alterations caused by sleep deprivation the increase of the subjective perception, which presents a factor to decrease and compromise the physical performance per se, and may represent a masking element of the deleterious effects of sleep deprivation. Thus, the aim of present review is to discuss the different aspects of relationship between physical exercise and sleep deprivation, showing their effects and consequences in physical performance.

26. The Impact of Sleep Deprivation on Decision Making: A Review

Few sleep deprivation (SD) studies involve realism or high-level decision making, factors relevant to managers, military commanders, and so forth, who are undergoing prolonged work during crises. Instead, research has favored simple tasks sensitive to SD mostly because of their dull monotony. In contrast, complex  -based, convergent, and logical tasks are unaffected by short-term SD, seemingly because of heightened participant interest and compensatory effort. However, recent findings show that despite this effort, SD still impairs decision making involving the unexpected, innovation, revising plans, competing distraction, and effective communication. Decision-making models developed outside SD provide useful perspectives on these latter effects, as does a neuropsychological explanation of sleep function. SD presents particular difficulties for sleep-deprived decision makers who require these latter skills during emergency situations.

27. The Acute Effects of Twenty-Four Hours of Sleep Loss on the Performance of National-Caliber Male Collegiate Weightlifters

Currently, the degree to which sleep loss influences weightlifting performance is unknown. This study compared the effects of 24 hours of sleep loss on weightlifting performance and subjective ratings of psychological states pre-exercise and postexercise in national-caliber male collegiate weightlifters. Nine males performed a maximal weightlifting protocol following 24 hours of sleep loss and a night of normal sleep. The subjects participated in a randomized, counterbalanced design with each sleep condition separated by 7 days. Testosterone and cortisol levels were quantified prior to, immediately after, and 1 hour after the resistance training session. Additionally, profile of mood states and subjective sleepiness were evaluated at the same time points. The resistance training protocol consisted of several sets of snatches, clean and jerks, and front squats. Performance was evaluated as individual exercise volume load, training intensity and overall workout volume load, and training intensity. During each training session the maximum weight lifted for the snatch, clean and jerk, and front squat were noted. No significant differences were found for any of the performance variables. A significant decrease following the sleep condition was noted for cortisol concentration immediately after and 1 hour postexercise. Vigor, fatigue, confusion, total mood disturbance, and sleepiness were all significantly altered by sleep loss. These data suggest that 24 hours of sleep loss has no adverse effects on weightlifting performance. If an athlete is in an acute period of sleep loss, as noticed by negative mood disturbances, it may be more beneficial to focus on the psychological (motivation) rather than the physiological aspect of the sport.

28. Effect of sleep deprivation on tolerance of prolonged exercise

These findings suggest that the psychological effects of acute sleep loss may contribute to decreased tolerance of prolonged heavy exercise.

29. Sleep deprivation and cardiorespiratory function

Physiological responses to sub-maximal exercise showed persistence of the normal diurnal rhythm in heart rate and oxygen consumption, with no added effects due to sleep deprivation. However, ratings of perceived exertion (Borg scale) increased significantly throughout sleep deprivation. The findings are consistent with a mild respiratory acidosis, secondary to reduced cortical arousal and/or a progressive depletion of tissue glycogen stores which are not altered appreciably by moderate physical activity.

30. Caffeine Use in Sports: Considerations for the Athlete.

caffeine can be taken gradually at low doses to avoid tolerance during the course of 3 or 4 days, just before intense training to sustain exercise intensity; and caffeine can improve cognitive aspects of performance, such as concentration, when an athlete has not slept well. Athletes and coaches also must consider how a person's body size, age, gender, previous use, level of tolerance, and the dose itself all influence the ergogenic effects of caffeine on sports performance.

31. Effects of Caffeine on Prolonged Intermittent-Sprint Ability in Team-Sport Athletes.

Conclusion: This study revealed that acute caffeine ingestion can significantly enhance performance of prolonged, intermittent-sprint ability in competitive, male, team-sport athletes.

32. Maximal aerobic exercise following prolonged sleep deprivation.

The effect of 60 h without sleep upon maximal oxygen intake was examined in 12 young women, using a cycle ergometer protocol. The arousal of the subjects was maintained by requiring the performance of a sequence of cognitive tasks throughout the experimental period. Well-defined oxygen intake plateaus were obtained both before and after sleep deprivation, and no change of maximal oxygen intake was observed immediately following sleep deprivation. The endurance time for exhausting exercise also remained unchanged, as did such markers of aerobic performance as peak exercise ventilation, peak heart rate, peak respiratory gas exchange ratio, and peak blood lactate.

33. Multiple Effects of Caffeine on Simulated High-Intensity Team-Sport Performance.

Quote

The effects of caffeine on mean performance (+/-90% confidence limits) over all 14 circuits were: sprint speeds, 0.5% (+/-1.7%) through 2.9% (+/-1.3%); first-drive power, 5.0% (+/-2.5%); second-drive power, -1.2% (+/-6.8%); and passing accuracy, 9.6% (+/-6.1%). The enhancements were mediated partly through a reduction of fatigue that developed throughout the test and partly by enhanced performance for some measures from the first circuit. Caffeine produced a 51% (+/-11%) increase in mean epinephrine concentration; correlations between individual changes in epinephrine concentration and changes in performance were mostly unclear, but there were some strong positive correlations with sprint speeds and a strong negative correlation with passing accuracy. Conclusion: Caffeine is likely to produce substantial enhancement of several aspects of high-intensity team-sport performance.

Effects of caffeine, sleep loss, and stress on cognitive performance and mood during U.S. Navy SEAL training


Rationale. When humans are acutely exposed to multiple stressors, cognitive performance is substantially degraded. Few practical strategies are available to sustain performance under such conditions.
Objective. This study examined whether moderate doses of caffeine would reduce adverse effects of sleep deprivation and exposure to severe environmental and operational stress on cognitive performance.
Methods. Volunteers were 68 U.S. Navy Sea-Air-Land (SEAL) trainees, randomly assigned to receive either 100, 200, or 300 mg caffeine or placebo in capsule form after 72 h of sleep deprivation and continuous exposure to other stressors. Cognitive tests administered included scanning visual vigilance, four-choice visual reaction time, a matching-to-sample working memory task and a repeated acquisition test of motor learning and memory. Mood state, marksmanship, and saliva caffeine were also assessed. Testing was conducted 1 and 8 h after treatment.
Results. Sleep deprivation and environmental stress adversely affected performance and mood. Caffeine, in a dose-dependent manner, mitigated many adverse effects of exposure to multiple stressors. Caffeine (200 and 300 mg) significantly improved visual vigilance, choice reaction time, repeated acquisition, self-reported fatigue and sleepiness with the greatest effects on tests of vigilance, reaction time, and alertness. Marksmanship, a task that requires fine motor coordination and steadiness, was not affected by caffeine. The greatest effects of caffeine were present 1 h post-administration, but significant effects persisted for 8 h.
Conclusions. Even in the most adverse circumstances, moderate doses of caffeine can improve cognitive function, including vigilance, learning, memory, and mood state. When cognitive performance is critical and must be maintained during exposure to severe stress, administration of caffeine may provide a significant advantage. A dose of 200 mg appears to be optimal under such conditions.






The effects of two alternative timings of a one-hour nap on early morning performance.

The effect on performance and sleepiness of two alternative timings of a one-hour nap (2100h and 0430h, respectively) were compared with a control condition (no nap). Twelve healthy male subjects divided into three groups participated in a partly balanced repeated measurements design. At all three occasions the subjects slept 4 h during the preceding night, worked during the day and were then kept awake (except for naps) in the laboratory from 1700h to 0800h the following morning. Performance was measured through a 10-min single choice visual reaction time task administered at 1900h and 0700h. Sleepiness was measured through self-ratings and sleep latency tests at 2100h and 0600h. The results showed clear positive effects of naps (especially the 0430h nap) on performance. The sleep latency measurements showed similar, but less clear tendencies, while ratings of sleepiness did not differentiate between conditions. It was concluded that a one-hour nap could counteract the late night performance decrement.


Caffeine effects on marksmanship during high-stress military training with 72 hour sleep deprivation.

PURPOSE: Navy SEALs (sea, air, land) are elite special warfare units that conduct unconventional warfare primarily in marine environments. Marksmanship accuracy and sighting time were quantified with 62 male trainees during Navy SEAL Hell Week, which involves the combined stress of sleep loss, operational combat scenarios, and cold-wet environmental conditions. Caffeine was administered to minimize deficits due to sleep deprivation. METHODS: Volunteers dry-fired a disabled rifle equipped with a laser-based marksmanship simulator system to measure shooting speed and accuracy. The target was a 2.3-cm diameter circle at a distance of 5 m, simulating a 46 cm target at a distance of 50 m. Marksmanship was assessed prior to training, and at 73 and 80 h into Hell Week. Volunteers were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: 100, 200, or 300 mg of caffeine or a placebo. Dosing occurred 72 h after training commenced. RESULTS: The combined effects of almost 73 h of total sleep deprivation and operational and environmental stress degraded all marksmanship accuracy measures (p < 0.05) as shown by the 37.5% increase in percent of targets missed, 38% increase in distance from center of mass of the target, and the 235% increase in shot group tightness. Sighting time increased by 53% or 3.1 s after 73 h of sleep deprivation (p < 0.05). Sighting time was significantly faster in sleep deprived individuals after taking 200 or 300 mg of caffeine compared with placebo or 100 mg of caffeine. No differences in accuracy measures between caffeine treatment groups were evident at any test period. CONCLUSION: During periods of sleep deprivation combined with other stressors, the use of 200 or 300 mg of caffeine enabled SEAL trainees to sight the target and pull the trigger faster without compromising shooting accuracy.

1. Electro-mechanical response times and muscle strength after sleep deprivation.

Quote

The results suggest that subjects who have undergone 60 h of SD can react as fast, and with as much force, as those who have had 7 h of sleep per night.

2. Physical performance and physiological responses following 60 hours of sleep deprivation.

Quote

These results suggest that sleep loss of up to 60 h will not impair the capability for physical work, a finding of considerable importance in sustained military operations which frequently involve the combination of both physical and mental tasks.

3. The effect of partial sleep deprivation on weight-lifting performance

Quote

Results indicate that submaximal lifting tasks are more affected by sleep loss than are maximal efforts, particularly for the first two nights of successive sleep restriction.

7. The effects of two alternative timings of a one-hour nap on early morning performance.

Quote

It was concluded that a one-hour nap could counteract the late night performance decrement.

1,2, and 3 make it seem like it would be better to skip sleep altogether than to sleep for a short time the night before some type of athletic event.  However, 7 looks like it says the opposite.

Physical performance responses during 72 h of military operational stress.

APPLIED SCIENCES
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 34(11):1814-1822, November 2002.
NINDL, BRADLEY C.; LEONE, CARA D.; J. THARION, WILLIAM; JOHNSON, RICHARD F.; W. CASTELLANI, JOHN; PATTON, JOHN F.; MONTAIN, SCOTT J.

Abstract:
NINDL, B. C., C. D. LEONE, W. THARION, R. F. JOHNSON, J. CASTELLANI, J. F. PATTON, and S. J. MONTAIN. Physical performance responses during 72 h of military operational stress. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 34, No. 11, pp. 1814-1822, 2002.

Purpose: To characterize the impact of prolonged work, underfeeding, and sleep deprivation (i.e., sustained operations; SUSOPS) on physical and occupational related performance during military operational stress.

Methods: Ten male soldiers were tested on days 1 (D1), 3 (D3), and 4 (D4) of a control and an experimental week that included prolonged physical work (total daily energy expenditure ~4500 kcal[middle dot]d-1), underfeeding (~1600 kcal[middle dot]d-1), and sleep deprivation (~2 h[middle dot]d-1). Body composition was measured with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Ballistic power was assessed by 30 repetitive squat jumps and bench-press throws. Military-relevant occupational performance was evaluated with a 10-min box lift, obstacle course, grenade throw, rifle marksmanship, and a 25-min wall-build task.

Results: Fat-free mass (-2.3%) and fat mass (-7.3%) declined (P <= 0.05) during SUSOPS. Squat-jump mean power (-9%) and total work (-15%) declined (P <= 0.05) during SUSOPS. Bench-press power output, grenade throw, and marksmanship for pop-up targets were not affected. Obstacle course and box-lift performances were lower (P <= 0.05) on D3 but showed some recovery on D4. Wall building was ~25% lower (P <= 0.05) during SUSOPS.

Conclusion: Decrements in performance during SUSOPS are primarily restricted to tasks that recruit muscles that are over-utilized without adequate recovery. General military skill tasks and occupational physical performance tasks are fairly well maintained.

bench press and coordination tasks somehow stayed the same though..

"Decrements in performance during SUSOPS are primarily restricted to tasks that recruit muscles that are over-utilized without adequate recovery.".. so maybe they didn't fatigue their chest/tricep muscles too much, and bench didn't go down.

you would think that one would obviously go down with how much lean mass/fat mass/sleep deprivation they lost.


if bench didnt go down and they lost all that mass, they just increased relative strength bigtime

peace

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cen.12747/full

Metabolic and hormonal effects of ‘catch-up’ sleep in men with chronic, repetitive, lifestyle-driven sleep restriction

"Results

Insulin sensitivity was higher following three nights of sleep extension compared to sustained sleep restriction. Fasting insulin, c-peptide, HOMA-IR, HOMA-β, leptin and PYY decreased with ‘catch-up’ sleep, QUICKI and testosterone increased, while morning cortisol and LH did not change. Targeted acoustic stimuli reduced SWS by 23%, but did not alter insulin sensitivity.

Conclusions

Three nights of ‘catch-up’ sleep improved insulin sensitivity in men with chronic, repetitive sleep restriction. Methods to improve metabolic health by optimizing sleep are plausible."